Translation of hendiadys in English versions of the New Testament: Hendiadys: when two elements which are the same part of speech are conjoined, but one has a subordinate or modifying relationship to the other, rather than a co-equal coordinate relationship, we refer to this as hendiadys. The most common form of hendiadys in the New Testament is when two noun phrases are connected by KAI and one has a subordinate, rather than a coordinate, relationship with the other. In Biblical Hebrew there is frequent usage of verbal hendiadys. The American Heritage Dictionary defines hendiadys as: "a figure of speech in which two words connected by a conjunction are used to express a single notion that would normally be expressed by an adjective and a substantive, such as grace and favor instead of gracious favor." There are a few examples of hendiadys in English: I'll do it when I'm good and ready. (= very ready) I'm good and mad right now. (= very mad) It's nice and warm in your house. I suggest that English lacks hendiadys with conjoined nouns, but further data may prove this suggestion wrong. In the following chart English versions are evaluated for how they translate phrases in the NT which many biblical scholars recognize as hendiadys. A "+" symbol in the left margin indicates that the version translates the form of the hendiadys in some way that the original modifier-modified relationship is clear in English. A "-" symbol indicates that the original hendiadys form has been left as a regular conjoined phrase, with no indication of modification of one element by the other. A "-" sign for a version does not necessarily indicate that that version has an inferior translation for the conjoined phrase. In some cases, the translators of a version may not believe that a hendiadys interpretation of the original conjoined form is exegetically justified. Therefore, a "-" sign can have at least two meanings: (1) the translators of that version did not recognize hendiadys in that passage, or (2) the translators of that version did not believe that that passage reflected hendiadys. Abbreviations: KJV = King James Version RSV = Revised Standard Version NRSV = New Revised Standard Version NKJV = New King James Version NASB = New American Standard Bible (1995 Update) NIV = New International Version REV = Revised English Version NJB = New Jerusalem Bible HCSB = Holman Christian Standard Bible NET = New English Translation (June 12, 2000 release) ISV = International Standard Version (Revision 1.1.8, July 1, 2000 release) NLT = New Living Translation GW = God's Word TEV = Today's English Version CEV = Contemporary English Version NCV = New Century Version Matt. 4:16 the region and shadow of death - KJV the region and shadow of death - RSV the region and shadow of death - NRSV the region and shadow of death - NKJV the region and shadow of death - NASB the land and shadow of death + NIV the land of the shadow of death + REV the land of death's dark shadow + NJB a country of shadow dark as death + HCSB the shadowland of death - NET the region and the shadow of death - ISV the land and shadow of death + NLT the land where death casts its shadow + GW a land overshadowed by death + TEV the dark land of death + CEV the shadow of death + NCV a place covered with the shadows of death Luke 2:47 his intelligence and answers - KJV his understanding and answers - RSV his understanding and his answers - NRSV his understanding and his answers - NKJV His understanding and answers - NASB His understanding and His answers - NIV his understanding and his answers - REB his intelligence and the answers he gave - NJB his intelligence and his replies - HCSB His understanding and His answers - NET his understanding and his answers - ISV his intelligence and his answers - NLT his understanding and his answers - GW his understanding and his answers + TEV his intelligent answers - CEV how much he knew and at the answers he gave - NCV his understanding and answers Luke 21:15 a mouth and wisdom (= wise words) - KJV a mouth and wisdom - RSV a mouth and wisdom - NRSV words and a wisdom - NKJV a mouth and wisdom - NASB utterance and wisdom - NIV words and wisdom - REV words and wisdom - NJB an eloquence and a wisdom - HCSB words and a wisdom - NET the words along with the wisdom - ISV the ability to speak, along with wisdom, - NLT the right words and such wisdom - TEV words and wisdom + CEV the wisdom to know what to say + NCV the wisdom to say things Acts 1:25 ministry and apostleship - KJV ministry and apostleship - RSV ministry and apostleship - NRSV ministry and apostleship - NKJV ministry and apostleship - NASB ministry and apostleship + NIV apostolic ministry - REV ministry and apostleship - NJB ministry and apostolate + HCSB apostolic service - NET service and apostleship + ISV to serve in this office of apostle + NLT an apostle ... in this ministry + TEV to serve as an apostle - CEV to be an apostle and to serve - NCV to do this work. Show us who should be an apostle Acts 2:23 the definite plan and foreknowledge of God - KJV the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God - RSV the definite plan and foreknowledge of God - NRSV the definite plan and foreknowledge of God - NKJV the determined purpose and foreknowledge of God - NASB the predetermined plan and foreknowledge of God - NIV God's set purpose and foreknowledge - REV the definite plan and foreknowledge of God - NJB the deliberate intention and foreknowledge of God - HCSB God's determined plan and foreknowledge - NET the predetermined plan and foreknowledge of God - ISV the predetermined plan and foreknowledge of God + NLT God's prearranged plan + TEV In accordance with his own plan God had already decided - CEV God had already planned and decided + NCV God's plan which he had made long ago Acts 14:17 food and gladness = joy concerning (your) food (Danker) (I have found no English versions that follow Danker's suggestion of hendiadys.) Acts 23:6 the hope and resurrection of the dead - KJV the hope and resurrection of the dead - RSV the hope and the resurrection of the dead + NRSV the hope of the resurrection of the dead - NKJV the hope and resurrection of the dead - NASB the hope and resurrection of the dead + NIV my hope in the resurrection of the dead + REV our hope of the resurrection of the dead + NJB our hope in the resurrection of the dead + HCSB the hope of the resurrection of the dead + NET the hope of the resurrection of the dead + ISV the hope of the resurrection of the dead + NLT my hope is in the resurrection of the dead + TEV the hope I have that the dead will rise to life + CEV I believe that the dead will be raised to life + NCV I believe that people will rise from the dead Rom. 1:5 grace and apostleship - KJV grace and apostleship - RSV grace and apostleship - NRSV grace and apostleship - NKJV grace and apostleship - NASB grace and apostleship - NIV grace and apostleship + REV the privilege of an apostolic commission - NJB grace and our apostolic mission - HCSB grace and apostleship - NET grace and apostleship (footnote: Some interpreters understand the phrase "grace and apostleship" as a hendiadys, translating "grace [i.e., gift] of apostleship.") - ISV grace and a commission as an apostle - NLT the privilege and authority + TEV the privilege of being an apostle - CEV kind to me and chose me to be an apostle + NCV the special work of an apostle Col. 2:8 philosophy and vain deceit - KJV philosophy and vain deceit - RSV philosophy and empty deceit - NRSV philosophy and empty deceit - NKJV philosophy and empty deceit - NASB philosophy and empty deception + NIV hollow and deceptive philosophy + REV hollow and delusive speculations + NJB the empty lure of a 'philosophy' - HCSB philosophy and empty deceit + NET an empty, deceitful philosophy - ISV philosophy and empty deceit - NLT empty philosophy and high-sounding nonsense + TEV the worthless deceit of human wisdom + CEV senseless arguments + NCV false and empty teaching 2 Tim. 1:10 life and immortality - KJV life and immortality - RSV life and immortality - NRSV life and immortality - NKJV life and immortality - NASB life and immortality - NIV life and immortality - REV life and immortality - NJB immortality and life - HCSB life and immortality - NET life and immortality - ISV life and release from death + NLT everlasting life + TEV immortal life + CEV life that never ends + NCV life that cannot be destroyed 2 Pet. 1:16 power and coming - KJV the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ - RSV the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ - NRSV the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ - NKJV the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ - NASB the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ - NIV the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ - REV the power of our Lord Jesus Christ and his coming - NJB the power and the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ - HCSB the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ - NET the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ - ISV the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ - NLT the power of our Lord Jesus Christ and his coming again + TEV the mighty coming of our Lord Jesus Christ - CEV the power and the return of our Lord Jesus Christ + NCV the powerful coming of our Lord Jesus Christ Eph. 2:1 Eph. 4:11 the pastors and teachers > the teaching pastors (Bullinger) Col. 2:5 "rejoicing and seeing" > "rejoice to see" 1 Thess. 2:12 his kingdom and glory > his glorious kingdom 1 John know and believe (see NET footnote) As for New Testament occurrences, have you checked Vol III of Moulton's "Grammar of New Testament Greek"? On p.335 you will find; " A chain of dependant genetives, not liked by the N.T writers, is avoided by the use of hendiadys: Mk. 6:26 ( not _oaths and guests_ but _oaths sworn before guests_ ) Lk 2:47 ( not _his intelligence and answers_ but _the intelligence of his answers_ ) 21:15, Ac. 1:25, 14:17, 23:6 ( hope of the resurrection ) Ro 1:5, 2 Ti. 4:1. Tit. 2:13, Ja 5:10, 1 P. 4:14, 2 P. 1:16" 1 Thessalonians 3:1-13: The two verbs "strengthen" and "encourage" (sterixsai, parakalesai) (verse 2) and used fairly often in the New Testament to describe what Christians are supposed to do for one another. Indeed, in the pastoral work of the early Christians, these are practically technical expressions for matters of duty. In addition to being used separately, they sometimes appear together in the writings of the two great missionaries who traveled together, Paul and Luke (Romans 1:11; 2 Thessalonians 2:17; Acts 14:22; 15:32). Probably we should not try to find a distinction between the two verbs, as they are employed in such contexts. Their union is more likely a hendiadys, a way of saying something twice (as in "will and testament"). Strength and encouragement are the same thing, and it is very necessary to Christians (Luke 22:32; Revelation 3:2). At 5:00 PM -0600 4/4/97, Lynn A Kauppi wrote: > >Alfred Loisy and other commentators consider Acts 14:13 TAUROUS KAI >STEMMATA . . . ENEGKAS as a hendiadys for TAUROUS ESTEMMENOUS. Is this >purely a stylistic choice on the part of Luke? (I've checked Smyth and >BDF). Was hendiadys considered "elevated" or "colloquial" style in the >early imperial era? Apart from stylistic concerns and providing >additional minor evidence about Luke's social location, I do not see that >interpretation of 14:13 is greatly affected by the use or non-use of >hendiadys. Results for hendiadys: There are 10 examples for which we found variation among the English versions. Percentages are the sum of pluses for each version divided by 10. Please note that the small number of examples which could be studied and other possible variables present us with data percentages which are not statistically significant. Other than the results from the most formally equivalent versions studied (KJV, RSV, NASB), these results, then, should only be viewed as indicative of tendencies among the versions. KJV 0/10 0% RSV 0/10 0% NRSV 1/10 10% NASB 0/10 0% NIV 4/10 40% REV 4/10 40% NJB 3/10 30% HCSB 3/10 30% NET 2/10 20% ISV 2/10 20% NLT 5/10 50% TEV 9/10 90% CEV 5/10 50% NCV 8/10 80% If the percentages were more reliable, the following relative ranking would be more significant. As it is, it is now only moderately indicative of the degree to which hendiadys is recognized and translated as hendiadys in the various versions: Relative rankings among the versions: KJV/RSV/NASB NRSV NET/ISV NJB/HCSB NIV/REV NLT/CEV NCV TEV Quantified studies of other translation issues in English versions may be accessed from my website at this URL: http://www.geocities.com/bible_translation/studies.htm Study completed and posted July 28, 2000, by Wayne Leman updated: Feb. 13, 2007