Hendiadys: when two elements which are the same part of speech are conjoined, but one has a subordinate or modifying relationship to the other, rather than a co-equal coordinate relationship, we refer to this as hendiadys. The most common form of hendidiadys in the New Testament is when two noun phrases are connected by KAI and one has a subordinate, rather than a coordinate, relationship with the other. In Biblical Hebrew there is frequent usage of verbal hendiadys. The American Heritage Dictionary defines hendiadys as: "a figure of speech in which two words connected by a conjunction are used to express a single notion that would normally be expressed by an adjective and a substantive, such as grace and favor instead of gracious favor." There are a few examples of hendiadys in English: I'll do it when I'm good and ready. (= very ready) I'm good and mad right now. (= very mad) It's nice and warm in your house. (= nicely warm) I suggest that English lacks hendiadys with conjoined nouns, but further data may prove this suggestion wrong. Following are candidates for hendiadys in the Bible which come from various references (e.g. Turner, Bullinger, Blass-Debrunner; Danker (Arndt & Gingrich), Beekman and Callow, Blight, Richard Young, Bivin, and various Internet websites). Some are translated as hendiadys in a few English versions. Some of these examples are recognized by quite a few students of the Bible as hendiadys, others are more tentative. Gen. 1:14 signs and seasons = the time for seasons (TEV) Gen. 3:16 your pain and your conception = your labor pains (NET) Gen. 12:1 your land and your birthplace = your native land (Bivin) Gen. 13:13 wicked and sinners = wicked sinners (Bivin) Gen. 23:4 a stranger and a sojourner = a resident alien (Tanakh) Deut. 7:9 the covenant and the love = his covenant of love (NIV) Ex. 14:20 the cloud and the darkness = the dark cloud (NET) 2 Sam. 20:19 a city and a mother = an important city (NET) Esther 2:17 grace and loyal love = loving approval (NET) Esther 8:15 shouted and rejoiced = shouted with joy (NET); joyfully shouted Neh. 9:10 signs and wonders = awesome signs (NET) Pro. 1:4 knowledge and purpose = a discerning plan (NET) Is. 1:13 iniquity and solemn assembly = evil assemblies (NIV) Is. 53:8 by oppression and by a judicial sentence = by an oppressive judicial sentence; after an unjust trial (NET); coercive legal decision (NET fn.) Jer. 2:19 evil and bitter = utterly harmful (NET) Dan. 1:9 loyal love and compassions = compassionate favor (NET) Dan. 7:25 times and law = times established by law (NET) Mark 2:25 in need and hungry = very hungry (Richard Young) Matt. 6:26 for his oath's sake, and for their sakes which sat with him = because of the vows he had made in front of all his guests (TEV) Matt. 4:16 the region and shadow of death = the dark land of death (TEV) Luke 2:47 intelligence and answers = intelligent answers (TEV) Luke 7:11 his disciples and a large crowd = a large crowd of his disciples (http://www.restorationfoundation.org/volume_3/31_36.htm) Luke 21:15 a mouth and wisdom = a wise response, wise utterance (Danker) John 3:5 water and the spirit = spiritual water (http://www.biblestudygames.com/faq/baptism.htm; but many other biblical scholars do not agree with this interpretation John 4:24 worship in spirit and truth = truthfully worship by means of the Spirit (or with one's spirit), or, worship God as he truly is by means of the Spirit (or their spirit), or, worship God according to spiritual truth Acts 1:25 ministry and apostleship = to minister as an apostle, service as an apostle (TEV) Acts 2:23 purpose and foreknowledge = prearranged plan (NLT), the predestined course of God’s deliberate purpose (Moffat) Acts 14:17 food and gladness = joy concerning (your) food (Danker) Acts 23:6 the hope and resurrection of the dead = the hope of a resurrection (Danker), hope of the resurrection of the dead (NEB, Barclay) Rom. 1:5 grace and apostleship = the privilege of being an apostle (TEV) Rom. 13:13 not in revelries and drunkenness = drunken wild parties (http://www.stanbaker.org/Resource-77/romans_13.htm) Eph. 1:17 wisdom and revelation = truly revealed wisdom (James Hilston, http://www.icubed.com/~hilston/TGF/topical/prayer.htm) Eph. 4:11 pastors and teachers = teaching pastors (http://www.icubed.com/~hilston/TGF/bootcamp/pb05poli.htm) Eph. 4:24 righteousness and holiness = truly holy (CEV) Eph. 5:2 an offering and sacrifice to God as a smell of fragrance = a sacrificial and fragrant offering to God (NET) Phil. 1:25 progress and joy = joyful progress (www.inthebeginning.org/newtestament/philippians/Philoutline.PDF) Col. 2:8 philosophy and vain deceit = the worthless deceit of human wisdom (TEV) 1 Thess. 3:12 increase and overflow = increasingly overflow 2 Tim. 1:10 life and immortality = immortal life (TEV) Heb. 5:2 ignorant and erring = ignorantly err (?) (Robertson's Word Pictures: http://www.site-berea.com/B/rwp/n19c5.html) Heb. 8:5 copy and shadow = shadowy copy (URL: http://www.abu.nb.ca/Courses/NewTestament/Hebrews/8-1-6a.htm) Heb. 12:28 with reverence and awe = very reverently (Richard Young) Rev. 5:10 kingdom and priests = priestly kingdom (NET fn.); kingdom of priests It seems to me that Mark 2:25, Eph. 4:24, and Heb. 12:28 are more likely examples of semantic intensification due to Hebraic synonymous parallelism, rather than hendiadys. We need to caution that some who refer to hendiadys in the literature do not seem to use a precise definition of the term, using it loosely about any conjoined terms that seem to refer to the same thing. This confuses hendiadys with synonymous rhetorical parallelism. Hendiadys requires that one of the conjuncts of a conjoined phrase be *subordinate* to the other. Hebraic verbal hendiadys: Gen. 14:7 they returned and came = they came again (NET) Gen. 18:7 hurried to prepare it = quickly prepared it (NET) Gen. 18:29 continued still to speak to him = spoke to him again (NET) Ex. 24:4 and he got up early [in the morning] and he built = early [in the morning] he built (NET) The following is from webpage: http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/users/shoemaker/Hebrew/verbs/hendiadys.html "she hurried and she emptied" = "she hurriedly emptied her pitcher" (Gen 24:20) "I will return, I will tend" = "I will once more tend your flock" (Gen 30:31) "and he returned and he lay down" = "and he again lay down" (1 Kg. 19:6) "why did you hurry to come" = "why did you come so quickly" (Ex. 2:18) "you are oppressive to ask" = "you ask an oppressive thing" (2 Kg. 2:10) [Note: this Hebraic form is preserved in NT Greek, as in "he answered and said" = "answering, he said" or just "he answered".] 2. A second way of coordinating verbs is the use of an infinitive absolute with the a finite form of the the same verb root. When the infinitive precedes the finite form, the result is an intensification of the action: Eating you may eat = "you may freely eat" (Gen 2:16) dying you shall die = "you will surely die" (Gen 2:17) Knowing you must know = "know for certain" (Gen 15:13) At times, the infinitive absolute follows the finite verb. This indicates the continuity of action: "they continued walking" (1 Sam 6:12) For a listing of English versions which translate the conjoined forms as hendiadys, see Internet address: http://www.geocities.com/bible_translation/glossh.htm#hendiadys Wayne --- Wayne Leman Bible translation site: http://www.geocities.com/bible_translation/